Process for producing silicon tetrafluoride

ABSTRACT

A process for producing silicon tetrafluoride includes reacting at 250° C. or higher elemental silicon with hydrogen fluoride, thereby producing a gas product containing silicon tetrafluoride. This reaction can be conducted such that the gas product contains at least 0.02 volume % of the unreacted hydrogen fluoride. The process may further include bringing the gas product into contact with elemental nickel at a temperature of 600° C. or higher. Alternatively, the process may further include adding at least 0.1 volume % of hydrogen fluoride to the gas product to prepare a gas mixture; and bringing the gas mixture into contact with elemental nickel at a temperature of 400° C. or higher.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to a process for producing silicon tetrafluoride of high purity, which is used in the fields of electronics, optics and the like.

[0002] Silicon tetrafluoride (SiF₄) is used, for example, as a fluorine-doping agent of quartz-based optical fibers, as a raw material of photomask materials for semiconductor lithography, and as a chemical vapor deposition gas for producing semiconductors. Silicon tetrafluoride has increasingly been used in recent years. Therefore, there is a demand for more efficient techniques for producing silicon tetrafluoride of high purity.

[0003] There are several conventional processes for producing silicon tetrafluoride, as follows. Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication JP-A-63-74910 discloses a first process for producing silicon tetrafluoride by pyrolyzing a metal silicofluoride (e.g., sodium silicofluoride). Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication JP-A-57-17414 discloses a second process for producing silicon tetrafluoride by introducing hydrogen fluoride gas into a system where amorphous silicon dioxide has been dispersed in sulfuric acid. Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication JP-A-7-81903 discloses a third process for producing silicon tetrafluoride by reacting fluorine with a mixture of calcium fluoride and silicon powder at 140° C. Of these processes, the third process is superior to the first and second processes with respect to reducing the amount of industrial wastes. In fact, the third process does almost not generate wastes. In contrast, the first and second processes respectively generate large amounts of a metal fluoride (e.g. sodium fluoride) and sulfuric acid as industrial wastes. Prior to conducting the third process, it is necessary to produce fluorine by electrolyzing hydrogen fluoride. Due to this, the third process is disadvantageous in terms of reducing production cost and energy consumption.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0004] It is an object of the present invention to provide a process for economically producing silicon tetrafluoride of high purity.

[0005] According to the present invention, there is provided a process for producing silicon tetrafluoride. This process comprises the step of (a) reacting at a temperature of 250° C. or higher elemental silicon in the form of solid with hydrogen fluoride in the form of gas, thereby producing a gas product comprising the silicon tetrafluoride

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0006] In course of achieving the present invention, the present inventors have studied the use of hydrogen fluoride, which is superior to fluorine, as the fluorine source in producing silicon tetrafluoride from silicon. In fact, hydrogen fluoride is superior to fluorine by the following points. Firstly, hydrogen fluoride itself is a raw material for producing fluorine by electrolysis. Therefore, the use of hydrogen fluoride is naturally lower than that of fluorine in cost. Secondly, hydrogen fluoride is lower than fluorine in chemical potential. Therefore, a reaction of hydrogen fluoride with silicon is considered to generate a less heat than that of a reaction of fluorine with silicon. Thus, it is easier to conduct a thermal control of the former reaction as compared with the latter reaction. Thirdly, hydrogen fluoride has a boiling point of 20° C., thereby making it possible to store hydrogen fluoride in the form of liquid under normal temperature below its boiling point. In contrast, fluorine is in the form of gas under normal temperature. Therefore, the handling of hydrogen fluoride is much easier than that of fluorine.

[0007] In reacting silicon with hydrogen fluoride, it can be understood in theory that any of the following three reactions (1)-(3) can occur since ΔG of each reaction has a negative value.

Si (solid)+4HF (gas)→SiF₄ (gas)+2H₂ (gas)  (1)

Si (solid)+3HF (gas)→SiHF₃ (gas)+H₂ (gas)  (2)

Si (solid)+2HF (gas)→SiH₂F₂ (gas)  (3)

[0008] The present inventors, however, unexpectedly found that, when silicon in the form of solid is actually reacted with gaseous hydrogen fluoride, the above reaction (1) occurs dominantly, thereby efficiently producing silicon tetrafluoride.

[0009] Although the above reaction (1) does almost not occur at a temperature around room temperature, it does occur as the temperature increases. In fact, the reaction rate increases rapidly as it passes about 250° C. The reaction rate further increases as the temperature increases further. The inventors found that the above reaction (1) occurs dominantly in a temperature range of from 300° C. to a temperature higher than 1,000° C. by directly reacting silicon with hydrogen fluoride gas.

[0010] By a further detailed examination on the reaction between silicon and hydrogen fluoride, the inventors found that the above reaction (2) also occurs in some cases, although the reaction (1) is a dominant reaction. In these cases, the gas product naturally contains SiHF₃. As the reaction (1) proceeds, H₂ is formed as a by-product in an amount two times that of SiF₄ in molar number, thereby making the reaction system under a strongly reduced atmosphere. The inventors assumed that SiHF₃ would be formed when the amount of HF is insufficient under the H₂ atmosphere. Thus, the inventors have tried to suppress the formation of SiHF₃ by leaving a part of HF (the unreacted HF) in the resulting gas product. With this, the inventors unexpectedly found that SiHF₃ is not formed when the gas product contains HF in an amount of at least 0.02 volume %, preferably at least 0.05 volume %. In other words, according to a first process of a first aspect of the present invention, the reaction is conducted in a manner that the gas product contains at least 0.02 volume % of the unreacted HF, in order to produce silicon tetrafluoride of high purity. Although the upper limit of the HF content of the gas product is not particularly limited, it is preferably 1 volume % or lower in order to conduct a post-treatment for removing HF in an economical way.

[0011] In order to control the HF concentration of the gas product in accordance with the first aspect of the present invention, it is preferable to use a so-called perfect mixing type reactor. With this, it becomes possible to obtain a uniform composition of the gas phase through a compulsory stirring of the inside of the reactor. In fact, a large amount of HF gas always exists around Si particles when the gas phase of the reactor is under a perfectly mixed condition. With this, the gas phase HF concentration is less influenced, even if the flow rate of HF gas supplied to the reactor or the reaction temperature fluctuates by certain degrees.

[0012] When the gas product contains HF in an amount of 0.02 volume % or higher, such HF can be removed from the gas product by a post-treatment. This removal can be conducted by a purification of the gas product. It is possible to conduct such post-treatment, for example, by bringing the gas product (containing HF) into contact with NaF (in the form of pellets), thereby fixing HF in the form of NaF.HF. It is possible to conduct the post-treatment in an economical way, if the HF concentration of the gas product is in a range of 0.02-1 volume % or 0.05-1 volume %.

[0013] When the gas product contains no HF or a very small amount of HF, the gas product may contain SiHF₃ as a by-product. The SiHF₃ concentration of the gas product becomes higher as the HF concentration of the gas product becomes lower. For example, when the gas product contains no HF, the SiHF₃ concentration may reach about 1 volume %. Such condition can be obtained, for example, by conducting a reaction in a manner that HF gas is introduced in a so-called piston flow manner into one end of a cylindrical reactor charged with silicon. In fact, the HF gas introduced into the reactor is consumed by the reaction with silicon as it passes through a fixed bed of Si. Therefore, the HF concentration of the gas phase becomes zero as the HF gas introduced in a piston flow manner reaches the exit of the reactor, provided that silicon exists in a sufficient amount relative to that of the introduced HF gas.

[0014] The above-mentioned SiHF₃, which may be contained as a by-product in the gas product, is thermally unstable as compared with silicon tetrafluoride. Therefore, it is possible to conduct a disproportionation of SiHF₃ into Si and SiF₄ by heating the gas product obtained at the exit of the reactor, as shown by the following reaction formula (4).

4SiHF₃→Si+3SiF₄+2H₂  (4)

[0015] The inventors found that this disproportionation does not proceed well only by heating the gas product. As a result of an elaborate examination on the conditions for allowing the reaction (4) to proceed in the right direction, the inventors unexpectedly found that it is effective to treat the gas product (containing SiHF₃) with a heated elemental (metallic) nickel. In fact, we unexpectedly found that the above disproportionation occurs easily and selectively by bringing the gas product (containing SiHF₃) into contact with elemental nickel at a temperature of 600° C. or higher. This is a second process according to a second aspect of the present invention. After its use for this disproportionation, the surface of nickel was found to have a nickel suicide represented by Ni₃₁Si₁₂. In case that nickel exists in the reaction system, silicon formed by the disproportionation reacts with Ni. The resulting Ni₃₁Si₁₂ is separated from the reaction system (gas phase), thereby losing the chemical equilibrium of the reaction in a manner to allow the reaction to proceed in the right direction. The nickel filler used in the disproportionation may take an arbitrary shape. It is, however, preferable to take measures to make the nickel have a large surface area capable of its sufficient contact with the gas product.

[0016] As stated above, the above disproportionation is conducted, when the gas product contains no HF or a very small amount of HF, in order to remove SiHF₃ from the gas product. Therefore, the gas product after completing the disproportionation is substantially free from impurities (e.g., HF and SiHF₃). Thus, it is not necessary to conduct a purification for removing HF (e.g., by using NaF), since the gas product is already substantially free of HF.

[0017] As an alternative to the above disproportionation, the inventors unexpectedly found that, when the gas product (obtained by the reaction between Si and HF) contains SiHF₃ as a by-product and is substantially free of hydrogen fluoride, it is possible to remove SiHF₃ by a third process according to a third aspect of the present invention. The third process comprises the steps of:

[0018] adding at least 0.1 volume % of hydrogen fluoride to the gas product, thereby preparing a gas mixture containing SiHF₃ and the hydrogen fluoride; and

[0019] bringing the gas mixture into contact with elemental nickel at a temperature of 400° C. or higher, thereby reacting the SiHF₃ with the hydrogen fluoride to produce silicon tetrafluoride, as shown by the following reaction formula (5).

[0020] As mentioned above, it is possible to obtain the gas product, which contains SiHF₃ as a by-product and is substantially free of HF, for example, by introducing HF into one end of the cylindrical reactor (charged with silicon) by a piston flow manner. In the third process, it is preferable to add hydrogen fluoride in an amount of 0.1-1 volume %.

[0021] In the third process, it is important to appropriately control the HF concentration of the reaction system in order to completely turn SiHF₃ into SiF₄. It is, however, easy to adjust the HF concentration in the third process. In fact, it is more easily possible in the third process to maintain the HF concentration at a constant level, since HF with a constant flow rate is added to the gas product substantially free of HF, as compared with the first process in which the HF concentration is indirectly adjusted by the amount of the unreacted HF remaining in the gas product. In the third process, the nickel filler does not turn into a nickel silicide, but is maintained in its metallic or elemental form. Furthermore, the temperature for conducting the reaction (5) can be substantially lower than that for conducting the reaction (4). In order to completely turn SiHF₃ into SiF₄ in the third process, it is necessary to add HF in an amount equimolar with that of SiHF₃ or greater. Similar to the first process, it is necessary to remove HF, if it remains in the system after the reaction (5).

[0022] By eagerly examining the third process, the inventors unexpectedly found that it is possible to remove other four impurities (i.e., SiF₃CH₃, C₂H₆, C₂H₄ and (SiF₃)₂O) together with SiHF₃ by conducting the third process. Of these four impurities, the carbon-containing components (i.e., SiF₃CH₃, C₂H₆ and C₂H₄) originate from carbon contained as an impurity in silicon as the raw material. It may be difficult to separate these carbon-containing components from SiF₄ by other conventional measures except the third process. For example, it is difficult to separate the carbon-containing components from SiF₄ by using vapor pressure difference therebetween, since the carbon-containing components (i.e., SiF₃CH₃, C₂H₆ and C₂H₄) respectively have boiling points of −30.2° C., −88.63° C. and −103.71° C., which are too high relative to that (−95.7° C.) of SiF₄. Furthermore, it is almost impossible to remove the carbon-containing components by using an adsorbent such as zeolite and activated carbon. In producing silicon tetrafluoride, it is inevitable to have the above-mentioned carbon-containing impurities in an elemental silicon of relatively low price. As mentioned above, the carbon-containing components are unexpectedly removed in the presence of elemental nickel by conducting the third process, as shown by the following reaction formulas (6), (7) and (8).

SiF₃CH₃+HF→SiF₄+CH₄  (6)

C₂H₆+H₂→2CH₄  (7)

C₂H₄+2H₂→2CH₄  (8)

[0023] It is understood from the reaction formulas (6)-(8) that the final products of these reactions are SiF₄ and CH₄. Although the reactions (7) and (8) do not require HF, the existence of HF does not interfere with these reactions. It is easily possible to separate CH₄ (boiling point: −191.5° C.) together with other low-boiling-point components (e.g., H₂, O₂ and N₂) from SiH₄ (boiling point: −95.7° C.) by vacuum evacuation, since CH₄ has a high vapor pressure sufficient for being distributed to the gas phase even at a temperature at which SiF₄ liquefies or solidifies.

[0024] The above-mentioned fourth impurity (SiF₃)₂O is generated by water or oxides adsorbed to the raw materials and the reaction vessel and is difficult to be removed. However, this impurity can also be removed by conducting the third process, as shown by the following reaction formula (9).

(SiF₃)₂O+2HF→2SiF₄+H₂O  (9)

[0025] It is possible to remove H₂O, which is generated by the reaction (9), by using a dehydrating agent such as concentrated sulfuric acid or zeolite.

[0026] Thus, as shown by the reaction formulas (5)-(9), the impurities (i.e., SiHF₃, SiF₃CH₃, C₂H₆, C₂H₄, and (SiF₃)₂O), which may be contained in the gas product obtained by the reaction between silicon and hydrogen fluoride, can turn into SiF₄, CH₄ and H₂O by heating at a temperature of 400° C. or higher in the presence of HF, H₂ and Ni. Then, it is possible to obtain SiF₄ of high purity by separating CH₄, H₂O and H₂.

[0027] The following nonlimitative Examples are illustrative of the present invention.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1

[0028] Silicon (purity: 98%), which is used as a raw material for semiconductor high purity silicon, was ground to have a particle size of 5-15 mm. The resulting silicon particles in an amount of about 1 kg were put on shelves of a horizontal reactor. This reactor was formed with the shelves for putting a reactant at its middle portion of a horizontal nickel cylinder (inner diameter: 200 mm; axial length: 500 mm). The reactor was further formed with two lids for closing the nickel cylinder at its both ends. One lid was formed with a gas supplying pipe, a gas exhausting pipe, and a blade for compulsorily stirring the gas of the inside space of the reactor. This blade was sealingly connected with an outside motor for driving the blade. Furthermore, the reactor was formed at its periphery with an electrical heater for heating the reactor at a predetermined temperature.

[0029] As shown in Table 1, the reaction between Si and HF gas was conducted continuously at 200° C. by allowing HF gas to flow at a flow rate of 1.6 Nl/min through the reactor, while the inside gas was uniformly stirred by rotating the blade. The gas product was exhausted from the gas exhausting pipe in a manner to maintain the inside pressure at atmospheric pressure and then was analyzed with gas chromatography and FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis). With this, it was found that SiF₄ was not detected (ND), that HF was 100 volume %, and that SiHF₃ was lower than 2 volume ppm (2>), as shown in Table 1.

EXAMPLES 1-9

[0030] In these examples, Comparative Example 1 was repeated except in that the HF flow rate and the reaction temperature were changed as shown in Table 1. The HF concentrations of only Examples 4-7 are expressed in volume ppm in Table 1. TABLE 1 Gas Product Composition/H₂ balance HF Flow Reaction HF Rate Temp. SiF₄ (vol. %) SiHF₃ (Nl/min) (° C.) (vol. %) *(vol. ppm) (vol. ppm) Com. Ex. 1 1.6 200 ND 100  2> Ex. 1 1.6 300 5.8 83  2> Ex. 2 1.6 400 22 35  2> Ex. 3 1.6 500 24 27  2> Ex. 4 0.32 500 33 *9,310  2> Ex. 5 0.23 500 33 *1,200  2> Ex. 6 0.20 500 33 *400  5 Ex. 7 0.18 500 33 *170 150 Ex. 8 1.6 600 25 24  2> Ex. 9 4 500 22 34  2>

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2

[0031] A cylindrical vertical-type reactor was charged with 1.5 kg of Si particles that were the same as those of Comparative Example 1. This reactor had a nickel cylindrical body (inner diameter: 80 mm; height: 500 mm), a roof plate equipped with a nozzle for supplying HF, and a bottom plate equipped with a nozzle for exhausting the reaction gas. Furthermore, the reactor was formed at its periphery with an electrical heater for making the reactor have a predetermined temperature. As shown in Table 2, the reaction was conducted at 200° C., while HF gas was allowed to flow downwardly at a flow rate of 1.6 Nl/min through a silicon fixed bed of the reactor in a piston flow manner. The gas product was exhausted from the gas exhausting nozzle in a manner to maintain the inside pressure at atmospheric pressure and then was analyzed with gas chromatography and FT-IR. The results are shown in Tables 2 and 3. TABLE 2 Gas Product Composition/H₂ HF Flow Reaction balance Rate Temp. SiF₄ HF SiHF₃ (Nl/min) (° C.) (vol. %) (vol. %) (vol. ppm) Com.Ex.2 1.6 200 ND 100 2> Com.Ex.3 1.6 300 32  2 5,400 Com.Ex.4 1.6 400 33 *ND 9,200 Com.Ex.5 1.6 500 33 *ND 9,700 Com.Ex.6 1.6 600 33 *ND 10,400 Com.Ex.7 1.6 700 33 *ND 16,000 Com.Ex.8 0.2 500 33 *ND 10,000 Com.Ex.9 4 500 33 *ND  9,700

[0032] TABLE 3 Gas Product Composition/H₂ balance (vol. ppm) SiF₃CH₃ C₂H₆ C₂H₄ CH₄ (SiF₃)₂O Com.Ex.2  1>   0.1>   0.1>    0.1> 5> Com.Ex.3 3 2 0.3  4 2,000 Com.Ex.4 7 2 0.4  6 2,600 Com.Ex.5 8 2 0.6 15 3,000 Com.Ex.6 8 2 0.6 22 3,800 Com.Ex.7 8 3 0.7 31 4,600 Com.Ex.8 8 2 0.6 12 3,000 Com.Ex.9 10  2 0.4 20 3,000

EXAMPLE 10

[0033] A first reactor (which was the same as that used in Comparative Example 2) was connected at its gas exhausting line with a cylindrical, horizontal-type, second reactor. The first reactor was provided for conducting the reaction between silicon and hydrogen fluoride. The second reactor was provided for conducting the above-described reaction (5). The second reactor had a horizontal cylindrical body of nickel (inner diameter: 80 mm; axial length: 800 mm) and an electrical heater at its periphery for maintaining the second reactor at a predetermined temperature. The second reactor was provided at its inlet side with (1) a first line for receiving the gas product from the first reactor and (2) a second line for supplying HF gas into the second reactor. The inside of the second reactor was charged with a metallic nickel filler (see Table 4).

[0034] The reaction between Si and HF in the first reactor was conducted at 500° C. with a HF flow rate of 1.6 Nl/min. A first gas product (SiF₄ gas containing 9,700 ppm of SiHF₃) from the first reactor was introduced into the second reactor. Then, the reaction was conducted at 600° C. in the second reactor by bringing the first gas product into contact with the nickel filler of the second reactor, while HF gas was not added to the second reactor (see Table 4). Then, a second gas product from the second reactor was analyzed with gas chromatography and FT-IR. The results are shown in Tables 4 and 5. TABLE 4 Second Gas Product Reaction HF Flow Composition/H₂ balance Use of Temp. HF Rate SiF₄ HF SiHF₃ Ni Filler (° C.) Addition (Nml/min) (vol. %) (vol. ppm) (vol. ppm) Com. Ex. 10 No 600 No — 33 20>  3,700 Com. Ex. 11 No 740 No — 33 20>  50 Com. Ex. 12 No 800 No — 33 20>  40 Com. Ex. 13 Yes 500 No — 33 20>  9,500 Ex. 10 Yes 600 No — 33 20>  2> Ex. 11 Yes 700 No — 33 20>  2> Com. Ex. 14 Yes 400 Yes  6 33 1,000 20 Com. Ex. 15 Yes 500 Yes  6 33 300 90 Ex. 12 Yes 500 Yes 21 33 1,000 2> Ex. 13 Yes 600 Yes 29 33 1,000 2> Ex. 14 Yes 600 Yes 88 33 3,000 2> Ex. 15 Yes 700 Yes 32 33 1,000 2>

[0035] TABLE 5 Second Gas Product Composition/H₂ balance (vol. ppm) SiF₃CH₃ C₂H₆ C₂H₄ CH₄ (SiF₃)₂O Com. Ex. 10 8 2 0.6 15 3,000 Com. Ex. 11 8 2 0.6 15 3,000 Com. Ex. 12 8 2 0.6 15 3,000 Com. Ex. 13 8 2 0.6 15 3,000 Ex. 10 8 0.4 0.2 18 3,000 Ex. 11 8 0.1> 0.1> 19 3,000 Com. Ex. 14 8 2 0.6 15 5> Com. Ex. 15 8 2 0.6 15 5> Ex. 12 8 2 0.6 15 5> Ex. 13 2 0.4 0.2 18 5> Ex. 14 1 0.4 0.2 18 5> Ex. 15  1> 0.1> 0.1> 19 5>

EXAMPLES 11-15 & COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 10-15

[0036] In these examples and comparative examples, Example 10 was repeated except that the reaction conditions were modified as shown in Table 4. In fact, the second reactor was not charged with the Ni filler in Comparative Examples 10-12. In Comparative Examples 14-15 and Examples 12-15, HF gas was added to the second reactor at flow rates shown in Table 4.

[0037] In Examples 12-15, the second reactor was provided for conducting the above-described reaction (6)-(9).

[0038] It is assumed that, although the second reactor according to Comparative Examples 11 and 12 was not charged with the nickel filler, nickel of the cylindrical body contributed toward turning SiHF₃ into SiF₄ at respective high temperatures (i.e., 740° C. and 800° C.), thereby reducing the SiHF₃ concentration of the second gas product, as shown in Table 4.

EXAMPLE 16

[0039] The second gas product (containing 33 volume % of SiF₄ and 1,000 volume ppm of HF (H₂ balance)) obtained in Example 15 was allowed to flow through a column (charged with NaF pellets) of room temperature with a retention time of 120 seconds. The resulting gas product from the column was collected through its liquefaction using a dry ice-ethanol refrigerant under a pressurized condition. The gas phase was purged from the collected liquid, thereby obtaining a high purity SiF₄ not containing impurities such as HF, SiHF₃, SiF₃CH₃, C₂H₆, C₂H₄, (SiF₃)₂O and H₂.

[0040] The entire contents of Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2001-274405 filed on Sep. 11, 2001 and 2002-165076 filed on Jun. 6, 2002, of which priorities are claimed in the present application, are incorporated herein by reference. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for producing silicon tetrafluoride, comprising the step of (a) reacting at a temperature of 250° C. or higher elemental silicon in the form of solid with hydrogen fluoride in the form of gas, thereby producing a gas product comprising the silicon tetrafluoride.
 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the step (a) is conducted such that the gas product contains at least 0.02 volume % of the hydrogen fluoride unreacted in the step (a).
 3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the step (a) is conducted such that the gas product contains at least 0.05 volume % of the hydrogen fluoride unreacted in the step (a).
 4. A process according to claim 1, wherein the step (a) is conducted such that the gas product contains not greater than 1 volume % of the hydrogen fluoride unreacted in the step (a).
 5. A process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the step (a) is 400° C. or higher.
 6. A process according to claim 1, wherein a gas phase of the step (a) is compulsorily stirred during the step (a) to obtain a uniform chemical composition of the gas phase.
 7. A process according to claim 1, further comprising the step of (b) removing the hydrogen fluoride unreacted in the step (a), from the gas product of the step (a).
 8. A process according to claim 7, wherein the step (b) is conducted by bringing the gas product of the step (a) into contact with NaF in the form of pellets.
 9. A process according to claim 1, wherein, when the gas product contains SiHF₃ as a by-product, the process further comprises the step of (c) bringing the gas product of the step (a) into contact with elemental nickel at a temperature of 600° C. or higher, thereby conducting a conversion of the SiHF₃ into silicon tetrafluoride.
 10. A process according to claim 1, wherein, when the gas product contains SiHF₃ as a by-product and is substantially free of hydrogen fluoride, the process further comprises the steps of: (d) adding at least 0.1 volume % of hydrogen fluoride to the gas product of the step (a), thereby preparing a gas mixture containing the SiHF₃ and the hydrogen fluoride; and (e) bringing the gas mixture into contact with elemental nickel at a temperature of 400° C. or higher, thereby reacting the SiHF₃ with the hydrogen fluoride to produce silicon tetrafluoride.
 11. A process according to claim 10, wherein the step (a) is conducted in a piston flow manner, thereby producing the gas product that contains SiHF₃ as a by-product and is substantially free of hydrogen fluoride.
 12. A process according to claim 10, wherein the hydrogen fluoride of the step (d) is in an amount of not greater than 1 volume %. 